0000019539 00000 n Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. 0000041113 00000 n SlideTeam has published a . This could more adequately address the complexities of the sciences and their many publics [5, 6, 57, 63]. An example of this is Jong et al.s concept of productive interactions, which proceeds from the assumption that current productive interactions between researchers and societal stakeholders will improve the probability of future societal impact [64]. In contrast, researchers from independent institutes are most the policy-oriented ones: 54% of the researchers from independent institutes aim to contribute to political decision-making (31% at universities and 37% at applied universities). These explorations of the role of science in society were, however, primarily theoretical in nature. Benedikt Fecher, Making a contribution to education is by far the most common impact goal across all disciplines (87% for the humanities, 70% for the social sciences, 58% for the natural sciences). With this particular dependent variable, we calculated a regression model (OLS) to analyze multivariate effects in more detail. The original question contained two more options ( contribute to national and/or international security. and create an entertainment offering.), but these were chosen by less than 10% of the respondents and are therefore excluded. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254006, https://www.wihoforschung.de/de/impaqt-2631.php, https://www.impactdistillery.com/2020-impact-survey/, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2091-0_2, https://dataportal.arc.gov.au/ERA/NationalReport/2018/, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7028-7_4, https://www.vsnu.nl/files/documenten/Domeinen/Onderzoek/SEP2015-2021.pdf, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-790_en.htm, https://www.leopoldina.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publikationen/Allianz/201806_Stellungnahme_9FRP_der_Allianz.pdf, https://www.bmbf.de/de/karliczek-wissenschaftskommunikation-staerker-in-der-wissenschaft-verankern-12620.html, https://www.wissenschaftsrat.de/download/archiv/pm_2816.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2, https://www.hrk.de/positionen/beschluss/detail/transfer-und-kooperation-als-aufgaben-der-hochschulen, https://www.dgpuk.de/sites/default/files/Stellungnahme_WissKomm_DGPuK_DGS_2020_20200821.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12898-2, https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2006/1111111395.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-010-9383-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01048-5_2, http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1089, https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/dfg_im_profil/gremien/fachkollegien/amtsperiode_2016_2019/fachsystematik_20162019_de_grafik.pdf, https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bildung-Forschung-Kultur/Hochschulen/Publikationen/Downloads-Hochschulen/personal-hochschulen-2110440187004.html. Hence, this study offers empirical evidence on a group that has received remarkably little attention in the scholarly discourse on the societal impact of researchacademic researchers. 0000005903 00000 n Writing original draft, Overall, 841 people started the survey, 534 of whom completed it (63%). This shows that researchers are generally in favor of societal impact and regard public engagement as part of scientific activity. Decisions are rout This, however, corresponded roughly to the general gender distribution in German academia [85, 86]. 77 slides Science, Technology, & Society in the 20th century Sushmita Mae Leones 26.8k views 47 slides Introduction to Science, Technology and Society Christian Nel Dominguez 2.4k views 33 slides Science and technology a Shirley Valera 112.2k views 46 slides Science Technology and society Manvi Yadav 29.4k views 12 slides - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 29615 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 40 Provided by: debbie2 Category: Tags: impact | society | technology | thesaurus Expertise in sustainable livelihoods, food and nutrition security, mobile connectivity. As a result, we revised descriptions and shortened the survey. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254006.g001. Through the topic What is Technology ? Databases have become an integral part of modern-day life. The range of disciplines we asked about (A5) was based on the classification of the German Research Foundation [84]. The problems of keeping everyone fed, clothed, and in reasonable health, and of protecting the country from foreign invasion cannot be solved without science. This is followed by educational offerings in schools and for civil society (43%), social media communication (38%), advisory formats (33%), and collaborations with nonscientific partners (33%). 5.0. Given the choice of the 13 societal goals identified in the qualitative coding exercise, less than 10% of respondents selected contributing to national and/or international security and creating an entertainment offering; we hence excluded these in reporting. e0254006. From this, we conclude that societal goals are best explained by the disciplinary backgrounds of researchers. For this reason, we conducted a survey among 499 researchers in Germany from April to June 2020. here. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254006.g003. The differences between applied and basic researchers in terms of their societal goals are negligible. Furthermore, female researchers (controlled for discipline), applied researchers, and younger researchers are significantly more in favor of including societal relevance in research evaluation. Citation: Fecher B, Hebing M (2021) How do researchers approach societal impact? 0000068081 00000 n Respondents vary in their opinions on whether societal impact should be given more weight in research evaluations: Only 40% of the respondents from the natural sciences agree compared to 65% for the social sciences and 58% for the humanities. Some of the questions we analyzed were implemented as a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree). Technology is the application of knowledge for achieving practical goals in a reproducible way. In the following, we will delineate these two discourses and reflect on their implications for this study. With this in mind, we applied the following distribution strategy: We contacted the faculty heads of 60 German universities and 60 universities of applied science (Fachhochschulen; in the following, we use the short form applied universities) and asked them to distribute the survey to researchers in their faculties. In addition, we suggest that national innovation systems should be studied comparatively in order to understand the impact of policies and to study more closely the relationship between transfer practices and societal impact in specific disciplines. Negative Impact of Science and Technology in Human Life Scientists also use advancements in science and technology to conduct human experimentation. especially in the following areas: 0000003455 00000 n Based on the 2021 AUA Match statistics, 357 positions were filled during this cycle, and this cohort represents 32% of the matched pool of candidates for this season. The notion of societal impact as an (effect of) dialog is useful in the context of this study, because it allows us to move from pure utilization and reception research to examining the anticipated societal impact of researchers. Keith Rn Case Study Answers Copd - 100% Success rate What is the best custom essay writing service? In the Netherlands, a region with some of the most developed examples of impact governance, the Association of Universities in the Netherlands (VSNU), the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) have implemented guidelines for the evaluation and improvement for research, the Standard Evaluation Protocol (SEP). 0:04 Science & Society; 1:09 Physics & Natural Phenomena; 1:43 Quantum & Nuclear Physics; 3:14 Astrophysics; 4:08 Lesson Summary; . We would like to thank Natalya Sokolovska, Sascha Schnig, and Elias Koch for their help in coding the REF impact case studies. Data curation, 0000001096 00000 n broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. It is also evident that researchers from applied universities tend to be more economically oriented, while researchers from independent institutes tend to be more policy-oriented. In Germany, where the present study was conducted, there is no evaluation exercise comparable to the REF, ERA, or SEP. The goals are either to improve policies that affect science (policy for science) or to improve policies that can benefit from scientific understanding (science for policy). Second, our results suggest that it is strongly advisable that evaluation exercises are responsive to disciplinary differences. Built To Impact. A Brief History of Creativity from Cheops Pyramid to Silicon Valley: 5000 Yea Week 1, an introduction to the systematic study of society. Again, we used our coding of the REF use cases as a framework and took a close look at educational offerings, consulting, events, PR, social media, and collaborations. Before the first large-scale impact agendas were implemented, scholars in STS critically examined the nature and role of science in society, drawing on novel concepts of academic knowledge creation such as Mode 2 [25, 26], academic capitalism [27], post-normal science [28] or Triple Helix [29]. To further differentiate societal benefits and formats, we conducted a qualitative prestudy (see Method section). H\n0yCh\$VP0(o? Of course, REF impact case studies are written to succeed in the evaluation in question [81]. Because of the differences outlined above, we decided to conduct a regression analysis (see Table 1). They are typically independent of universities and focus on specific fields of research; scientists at these institutions are not obliged to teach. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254006.g002. This is a PowerPoint that has excellent pictures of different types of species that live in aquatic biomes--primarily the oceans and sloughs. Uploaded by vedika . Public understanding and engagement with science, and citizen participation including through the popularization of science are essential to equip citizens to make informed personal and professional choices. Science and technology has made possible for the production of cars, aircrafts, ships, boats, etc that has made the transportation of people and good easy and convenient. Smoking advertisements have "promoted the continued social acceptability and encouraged the incorrect belief that the majority of people smoke" (Source B). The main categories of the content analysis were reflected in the questions on societal goals (i.e., What societal impacts do you want to achieve with your research? 0 vo endstream endobj 58 0 obj <> endobj 59 0 obj <>stream The academic status of the respondents did not have any noteworthy effects on their goals. While our results are mainly of a descriptive nature and we do not make normative assumptions about the subject of our research (i.e. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254006.t002. Impact of Technology on Society. The findings further suggest that, where applicable, organizational factors (e.g., institutional investments in transfer, training offerings, support infrastructures) should be more strongly incorporated into assessments of societal impactfor example. Despite the differences in the definition of societal goals, it is noteworthy that making a contribution to education ranks among the top three goals for every disciplinary group. Vice versa, it makes sense to examine how evaluation policies for societal impact might affect researchers communication behavior. 0000007820 00000 n 0000002383 00000 n Notifications 5. It was only from the late 1980s onward that researchers were increasingly expected to account for their achievements in evaluation exercises [24]. The German Rectors Conference, the umbrella organization of German universities, decided at its general assembly (November 14, 2017) that knowledge transfer is a priority for universities [19]. Search Your Paper . However, the safety impact of different types of bus stops on vulnerable road users has received limited attention. Each question allowed further responses in an open text fieldfrom the few additional responses and the high response rate, we concluded that the identified categories were robust. Computer is a Machine Information Technology revolves around computers Society before computers / information technology The application of information technology Social issues Your thoughts. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254006, Editor: Laurentiu Rozylowicz, University of Bucharest, ROMANIA, Received: February 2, 2021; Accepted: June 18, 2021; Published: July 9, 2021. Interested in consumer behaviors, value chains, commercial and social impact and sustainability, engaging with various stakeholders to drive . Our results add to the ongoing scholarly discourse on societal impact by offering empirical evidence on a group that has received surprisingly little attention in the scholarly study of societal impactacademic researchers. Moreover, it is apparent that societal goals are subject to disciplinary considerations: We show that scholars from the humanities have culture and discourse-oriented goals, social scientists have discourse-, policy- and social-justice-related goals and natural scientists have innovation- and health-related goals. 0000002003 00000 n We found very little empirical research that looked at how researchers approach societal impact. Zip. RQ2 (goals) and RQ3 (formats) were implemented as multiple-choice questions (C3 and C5). Although there is no evaluation exercise in Germany comparable to the REF in the UK, it is evident that the topic has gained momentum in Germany in recent years as well. 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Worked for academia, consultancy firm and the private sector. It has made life easy, but so easy that it may lose its charm some day. However, some evaluation exercises have broadened their scope to include the wider benefits to society [2]. 6 The response rate for this survey is unknown because we are unable to determine the number of residents who . 0000001500 00000 n In light of complex societal challenges and the further integration of German research bodies into the European research area, the societal impact of research will likely become an even more prominent concern in research governance in the near future. It should be noted that science is part of society and both the sciences and their publics have differing ideas about robustness and usefulness [32]. Martin, for example, asked pointedly whether the creation of the REF would create a Frankenstein monster, because the costs of conducting the evaluation might outweigh the benefits [8]. Furthermore, we found that 34% were PhD candidates, 25% were postdocs, 11% were academics without a PhD, 25% were professors and 5% were others. 0000067977 00000 n One reason for this discrepancy may be that researchers fear that evaluations will lead to additional work or that they will not adequately record their transfer activities [23, 60, 64]. The word technology can also mean the products resulting from such efforts,: 117 including both tangible tools such as utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as software.Technology plays a critical role in science . Others have pointed to the increased legitimation pressure exerted by research organizations and the increase in PR and marketing [40]. Historical antecedents that changes the course of science and technology, Introduction to Science, Technology and Society. No, Is the Subject Area "Decision making" applicable to this article? 0000068741 00000 n Building peace in the minds of men and women. Noteworthy examples indicating the gradual shift from scientific to societal impact in research governance include the Research Excellence Framework (REF) in the United Kingdom or the Excellence in Research for Australia Framework (ERA) [79]. 48 0 obj <> endobj xref 48 40 0000000016 00000 n 0000070111 00000 n during the Neolithic Period, about 3500 years BCE,in Mesopotamia and Egypt, two cradles of ancient. Until the 1970s there was no doubt among policymakers that public investment in research would have a positive societal impact. No, Is the Subject Area "Germany" applicable to this article? However, researchers from applied universities typically have a higher teaching workload. Our framework for societal goals and our results can also be the basis for disciplinary self-understanding (e.g., in learned societies), in that they can stimulate a normative discussion about good transfer and its evaluation. For RQ1 (opinions on science communication), we asked respondents about evaluations because these would have practical implications for their working lives. We've encountered a problem, please try again. In this paper, we focus on those who stated that their primary work location is Germany, leaving us with 499 valid (59%) cases to analyze. Both male and female researchers regard public engagement as part of scientific activity (89% and 90%). The Impact of Materials on Society subcommittee partnered with faculty from engineering, liberal arts and sciences and education at the University of Florida to develop an introductory level course suitable for undergraduate and community college students. Later, entire lines of (communication) research addressed how the public deals with science, for example, the public understanding or awareness of science (PUS, PAwS), scientific literacy, or more recently the public engagement with science and technology (PEST) and the science of science communication [3033]. Is the Subject Area "Scientists" applicable to this article? Think you'll never have to ask for help? However, due to their applied approach, societal impact should presumably play a more central role for researchers at these kinds of institutions. From this, we infer that societal impact is understood as an individual task for which there is no institutional mandate. The theme of my dissertation: "The Formation of Ethnic Identity in the Discourse of Modern Fashion (XX-XXI centuries)". Overall, researchers most important societal goal is to contribute to education (69%), followed by stimulating public discourse (55%). Although these concepts differ in their objectives, they generally assume a form of scientific value creation that is no longer self-sufficient and is increasingly interwoven with society. Humanities scholars (15%) and university researchers (15%) particularly doubt that their communication departments are reaching relevant societal stakeholders. The Role of Science in Society In broad terms, there are two possible goals for engaging the policy process and two primary strategies for achieving those goals. it is good to have more impact), we can still draw some practical conclusions: First, considering the discontent with institutional communication departments, it might be worthwhile to implement decentralized support structures on the mesolevel of research organizations. We conducted the online survey from April to June 2020. No, Is the Subject Area "Social communication" applicable to this article? Researchers from applied universities are especially likely to have used advisory and collaboration formats. Yes Founder and Leader of a startup focused on developing Rehabilitation and clinical skills . In recent years, new approaches have been developed that specifically address the SSH [6, 61, 62]. In addition, there are two further points of criticism concerning the concept of societal impact: On the one hand, critics point to the inadequate representation of the complexity of science, for example, because impact logics of the natural sciences are used as a yardstick for evaluations [6, 57]. We live in an information-driven society. Science must respond to societal needs and global challenges. Informed written consent was obtained from the participants in this study. Once you're out of college, living debt-free, and have 3-6 months of living expenses saved. Yes 0000031386 00000 n Here, we report the key results of this study and reflect on potential implications for science governance. Our distribution system had the desired effectrespondents from all disciplines and institutions took part. 0000003999 00000 n Yes To face sustainable development challenges, governments and citizens alike must understand the language of science and must become scientifically literate. The topic has, however, been prominently discussed: Referring to the announcement that the next EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation will focus more on the societal benefits of research, the Alliance of Science Organisations stated in 2018 that any such evaluation should be differentiated and tailored to the demands of science [15]. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Impact of Technology on Society 1. The radar chart illustrates which goals researchers from our three disciplinary groups pursue when communicating with nonscientific audiences. This study measures the safety impact of different types of bus stops on the interactions between passengers and cyclists.

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