1990. Use Sycamore as a shade or large specimen tree. Good soil preparation is essential for satisfactory plant growth. Their seeds, however, require wet soils in which to germinate. Many small, white flowers are borne in May and June on upright, cylindrical inflorescences, 8 to 12 inches long. Any use of these images beyond this publication is discouraged and will require permission from the photographers. 5 to 20 feet tall with a spread of 6 to 10 feet, depending on species. Cullina, William. Southern Highbush Blueberry is a good hedge plant for screening or for a mixed shrub border. White oak, northern red oak, black oak, and post oak, and several species of hickories are. Along streams throughout the southeast from the Coastal Plain to the foothills of mountains. It prefers sandy, moist, limestone soils and full sun for best development. Rabbiteye Blueberry cultivars are similar in many ways to Highbush blueberries but are more adapted to cultivation in the southern states. Found mostly in moist to wet soils. Sandy, alkaline soils, including coastal dunes and ridges, near marshes and inland hammocks in the lower Coastal Plain. This hands-off approach is more environmentally friendly. Fall color is yellow. Dry sites are home to some of our toughest native plants, including some oaks, persimmon, beargrass, some pines, sassafras and sumac. Trees such as basswood (Tilia Americana), tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) and mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) occur with the greatest frequency at low altitudes, with stands of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) covering its higher slopes. Scarlet, tubular flowers with protruding stamens are pollinated by ruby-throated hummingbirds. It usually grows as a multi-stemmed shrub with a bold, erect, upright appearance. Post Oak is not usually planted as a landscape tree, but it would be a good choice for dry reclamation sites. It requires adequate moisture and some shade for best performance. The hard seeds are a favorite food of woodland mice. 1.The Blue Ridge Mountains are a segment of the Appalachian Mountains, located in the eastern United States. Oak trees such as white oak, scarlet oak, and northern red oak dominate the overstory, though maples, sycamore, ash, and pine are also well-represented. With the increasing destruction of natural environments for urban and agricultural use, many plant species and the animals they support have declined dramatically in numbers and in range. Foliage is aromatic when crushed. Fruit color, which changes as the season progresses, adds interest to the landscape. American Snowbell is a deciduous flowering shrub or small tree with medium texture and a medium to fast growth rate. Adapted to dry soils, Deerberry deserves to be grown in southern gardens and xeric landscapes. 50 to 80 feet tall and about half as wide. The yellow fall color is inconsistent, especially on seed-grown plants. This tree has not been used in landscapes, so its full site tolerance is not known. The fruit are round, 0.5 to 1 inch in diameter, and ripen to shiny red in May and June. 35 to 40 feet tall with a spread of 20 to 25 feet. The foliage turns reddish-scarlet in winter. Roland M. Harper, Some Coastal Plain Plants in the Piedmont Region of Georgia, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. In the natural landscape, it is a ridge tree. 20 to 25 feet tall and 10 to 15 feet wide. Washington Hawthorn makes an excellent small specimen tree, screen or hedge near buildings, provided it isn't used in high-traffic areas because of its thorns. Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to Florida, west to Texas. The Piedmont region has large areas of solid bedrock made of gneiss, marble, granite and stone. The plants that are native to the Piedmont region include rhododendrons, oaks, hickories, and maples. Flower form is similar to Leucothoe and Vaccinium. Castanea. What kind of animals live in the Piedmont region of Georgia? 10 to 25 feet tall with a spread of 10 to 20 feet. Shrubs are often useful in mass plantings, but some may be planted as individual specimens. Bald Cypress is a deciduous tree with medium-fine texture and a medium to fast growth rate. Autumn leaf color is scarlet red. A single plant may have several trunks that creep along the ground, rooting and branching as they grow. Sassafras is a deciduous tree with medium texture and a medium growth rate. Female trees bear tiny, greenish-yellow flowers during leaf development in April or May. It can be confused with American Snowbell (Styrax americanus), a multi-stemmed and smaller shrub that bears flowers from leaf axils, not in racemes and grows mainly along sandy stream banks in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Because it is attractive to bees when flowering, it may be best to plant it away from the public. Many soils in Georgia are acidic (pH less than 7.0). Water Oak is a fast-growing tree with a rounded crown. Flowers, borne in April and May, are highly fragrant, with a clove-like aroma. Yellow-green flowers, 0.5-inches wide, are borne in June and are often hidden among the foliage. Our native habitats are full of subtle beauty that can be skillfully and beautifully incorporated into our gardens. Fruit are hard, round, reddish-brown capsules containing two to four nutlets. Pennsylvania to Florida and westward to Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri. This is a tough plant for hot, dry to moist sites in full sun. Needles are dark green, two per fascicle, spirally twisted, and 2 to 4 inches long. This plant is endangered in Florida. It requires adequate moisture during dry weather and prefers acid soils. Use Narrow-Leaf Crabapple as a specimen flowering tree in full sun. It has excellent drought and cold tolerance. Virginia Pine is easily confused with Shortleaf Pine, but it can be distinguished by its twisted needles. Dwarf Smilax is a thornless, broadleaf evergreen vine with medium texture and a slow growth rate. Bark is dark, brownish-gray and attractive. Red Titi is a large shrub or small tree with medium texture and medium growth rate. It prefers full sun and moist to wet soils. 60 to 100 feet tall with a spread of 40 to 50 feet. Moist, cool, well-drained stream banks. The Inner Coastal Plain supports much of Georgia's agricultural production, including blueberries, pecans, and even olives. 20 to 40 feet tall and 15 to 20 feet wide. This portion of the plain is a vital location for Georgia's agricultural endeavors, including the farming of cotton and peaches. The terminal leaflet is the largest. It is easy to transplant and prefers moist, fertile, well-drained soils. It is one of the most abundant pines in Georgia, second only to Loblolly. Fertile woodland soils with high organic matter. Areas are poorly drained and swampy. A native plant community, left undisturbed and incorporated into a landscape, is low-maintenance and self-sufficient. It develops a pleasing shape without much pruning. In nature, older trees are flat-topped with few lower branches, which is probably due to competition for light. Hardiness zones are listed for Georgia. Ecological preservation is another reason for using native plants. The leaf is compound, and flowers are trumpet-shaped, orange to red. Eastern Redbud is a deciduous, flowering tree with a medium growth rate and coarse texture. Others occur over much wider and more general environments. The leaves are a glossy, dark green. Flowers, appearing from mid-April to early May, vary in color from yellow-orange to orange or red. Eastern Red Cedar is an excellent specimen tree. 15 to 20 feet tall with a spread of 10 to 15 feet. Use Mayhaw in shrub borders and woodland edges. 2003. Stems have short hairs, and buds are smooth. The terrain has valleys and tall hills that resemble mountains. It prefers deep, moist, well-drained soils and needs plenty of moisture for optimum growth. Horse-Sugar, or Sweetleaf, is a small, semi-evergreen shrub with medium texture and medium growth rate. Moist soils of valleys and ravines. Catawba Rosebay flowers from May to June, and the rose, lilac-purple, pink or white flowers are borne in terminal clusters having eight to 20 individual flowers. It occurs naturally in wet areas but shows good drought tolerance. Many cultivars have been selected for ornamental use in residential and commercial landscapes. The highly glaucous forms have not yet been exploited by the nursery industry. Narrow-Leaf Crabapple is a deciduous, flowering tree with medium texture and a medium growth rate. It loses its leaves early, often by late September. Use Laurel Oak as a shade or street tree. It also is useful for windbreaks, hedges, shelter belts and topiary. Flowers are small and indistinct. Moist to wet, sandy, poorly-drained soils bordering shallow ponds and swamps. Areas adjacent to streams or ponds are ideal. Bloom time is from late April to early June. Hammock Sweet Azalea is a large shrub growing to 15 feet or more and found in wooded swamps and hammocks of Georgias Coastal Plain. Eastern Hemlock is an evergreen tree, having a fine texture and a medium growth rate. For good cross pollination, plant two or more cultivars. Leaves have a variable lobe pattern with three to five bristle-tipped lobes; the upper leaf surface is shiny green and the lower leaf surface is pubescent and yellow-gray. No other tree matches the brilliant color in the late October to November landscape. Bogs, bays, wet savannahs and swamps in the Coastal Plain. ISBN 0-8203-0954-0. It provides an excellent food source for wildlife. 20 to 30 feet tall and 15 to 20 feet wide. It prefers moist soils but has moderate drought tolerance. Flowers are white, sometimes with a pinkish tinge, appearing in May and June after the leaves have fully developed; they have a spicy fragrance. Sourwood needs moist soils with good drainage and sun to partial shade. This shrub grows well and flowers in pine-oak forests; it is one of the most common shrubs on acidic pinelands in the Piedmont. Flowers are brown-purple, less than 0.25-inches across, and appear in early spring. It does well in almost any situation, from wet to dry, full sun to partial shade. Georgia has suffered terribly from the washing away of its topsoil. Vacciniums, or blueberries, are dominant shrubs statewide on the acidic soils of Georgia. It seems to transplant well. The 5 Regions of Georgia! The crown is broad, rounded and spreading. It needs moist, well-drained soils and partial shade. The drupe-like berry is purple-black, appearing in fall. Use Two-Winged Silverbell as a specimen understory trees in wet to moist locations. Fall leaf color is yellow. 15 to 20 feet tall with a spread of 5 to 15 feet. Rich soils on hill slopes or along ravines near streams. Rejuvenate with heavy pruning in late winter. In friable soil, the plant is stoloniferous and will form large colonies. Avoid planting it next to parking lots because falling fruit can dent vehicles. There are many definitions for native plants. 30 to 50 feet tall and 30 feet wide at maturity. Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida, west to Missouri. They persist on the tree for up to four years. Typically found in wet, acidic soils of pine flatwoods, savannahs, bays and swampy streams. It produces large acorns, one to 1.5 inches in diameter. Green Ash is an early succession tree and needs sun to become established. Plant it in acid soils with adequate moisture, because it is only moderately drought tolerant. Mulch to keep roots cool in summer and warm in winter. See figures 1 and 2 for illustrations of common tree and shrub forms. Creamy-white flowers are borne in flat heads in May. 10 (Oct., 1909), pp. Virginia to central Florida, west to Texas and Oklahoma. Plant in moist, well-drained soils with morning sun and afternoon shade. In mountain valley environments, it can form impenetrable thickets. Fall color is burgundy red. The outer coastal plain (sometimes referred to as the lower. The tree gets its name from the color of its heartwood, which is bright yellow. It will require pruning to maintain its shape. It prefers moist, fertile soils and full sun to light shade. They are arranged along the stems in two planes. Shortleaf is subject to pine bark beetles and pine-tip moths, as are most pine species, as well as to littleleaf disease. Classroom "Panda"-monium. It is a compact plant, typically about 6 feet in height. Moist soils, especially beaches, maritime forests and sandhills of the Coastal Plain. Up to 2 feet tall, with a spread of several feet. Timber Press. It is best planted as a seedling and is attractive in its grass-like stage. It has moderate drought tolerance. My new book is "The Stickler's Guide to Science in the Age of Misinformation". It has arching branches and a vase-shaped habit. NORTHEAST GEORGIAN. Trumpetcreeper is a deciduous vine with medium texture and a fast growth rate. Sandhills of the upper Coastal Plain, associated with Longleaf Pine, Bluejack Oak and Sand Post Oak. It prefers acid soils and full sun to partial shade. It is a temperamental plant, somewhat difficult to grow. Mature trees tend to be alternate bearing, with good flowering one year, then few to no flowers the next year. 35 to 40 feet tall with a spread of 25 to 35 feet. Possumhaw is a good wildlife plant. Shortleaf Pine bark is nearly black when trees are young, aging to reddish-brown with many small resin pockets scattered through its corky layers. It has an upright form with loose, ascending branches. Bark on young trees is smooth, eventually developing braided ridges. Nice for mass plantings. Rocky, dry, upland soils. 1998. Deciduous azaleas are flowering shrubs with medium-fine texture and a slow rate of growth. Up to 2 feet high with a spread of 2 feet. Dogwood fruit are a favorite of birds and other wildlife. This oak is also called Spanish Oak because of an association with early Spanish settlements. A dense canopy, slow early growth and attractive yellow-green foliage make Spruce Pine suitable for landscaping. Below are the eight major habitats in Georgia, listed from north to south Georgia: One or more of these eight habitats are home to all of the plants listed in this publication. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants. Never plant it on wet sites. It spreads by underground stems. Mayberry is useful for screening in partial shade. All pines are intolerant of shade and need sun to establish and thrive. Fall color is usually yellow-brown but may be russet-red. Red Oaks are in the subgenus Erythrobalanus. Migrating birds eat the fruit in the fall. Use Hillside Blueberry as a hillside groundcover in dry, open, oak-pine woodlands. At the Sarah P. Duke Gardens, they're growing a Piedmont prairie, and we helped. Yellow-Root is an excellent choice for naturalizing in boggy soil. Adequate moisture is required during dry weather. The leaves are semi-evergreen, and some plants have scarlet fall color. The family is given as a point of information since some unifying threads are common to plants in the same family. Flowers occur from May to June, and range from pink to white. 80 to 100 feet tall, but more likely 50 to 60 feet under most landscape conditions. American Beech is a deciduous tree with medium texture and medium to slow growth rate. About 300 plants are native azaleas, the others being lepidote and elepidote rhododendrons, evergreen azaleas and camellias. Planting trees in areas similar to their native habitat will maximize their chances of survival and success. Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia and Georgia. It will not tolerate drought. Needle Palm is said to be the worlds most cold-hardy palm. For example, some plants require a bare, mineral soil for seed germination. It climbs by twining. Variable, from dry, rocky ridges to wet, poorly-drained areas. Moist soils of river valleys to shady uplands and dunes in the understory of Coastal Plain forests. Fall color ranges from yellow to red or purple. In the Piedmont area of Georgia, the plant life includes pine, oak, white yellow poplars, and hickory trees. It is useful for stabilizing erodible soils. It transplants easily and prefers moist, well-drained soils and full sun. Slash Pine is planted widely for timber production in and out of its natural range and habitat. It prefers deep, fertile soils with adequate moisture and partial shade. Darrows Blueberry is a small evergreen shrub, rarely more than 24 inches tall. 6 to 8 feet tall and 4 to 5 wide, depending on whether or not root suckers are pruned. Fall leaf color is variable, from yellow to maroon or purple. Form is upright, broad and oval with irregular horizontal branching. Twigs and young stems are angled and slightly winged. The sharp, terminal spines are potentially dangerous. The wood is weaker than that of most oak trees and is subject to limb breakage during ice or wind storms. Several references say native plants are those that grow naturally in a particular region without direct or indirect human intervention. Use Big-Leaf Magnolia as a specimen tree. It is an easy-to-grow, clump-forming palm adaptable to all areas of Georgia. Its common name refers to the cross pattern seen when the stem is cut. Another species, Bigleaf Snowbell (S. grandiflora), is a small tree commonly found growing as an understory plant in wooded upland sites. Florida Anise-Tree is a broadleaf, evergreen shrub. Use Southern Wax Myrtle for screening or as a specimen tree or hedge. Honey-scented, yellow flowers appear before the leaves in March. It can easily be pruned back to about half its size. This is an unusual-looking plant in flower and fruit. The terminal leaflet is often missing. Flowers are about 0.25 inches in size, yellow and not showy, but the dark blue fruit are moderately showy in the fall. It has a compact crown and a slow growth rate. It is commonly used in landscapes because of its adaptability to a wide variety of sites, including sun or shade, wet and dry sites, and both acidic and alkaline soils. Avoid using the plant in pedestrian areas. 3 to 5 feet tall with a spread of 2 to 3 feet. It is adaptable to a wide variety of sites. Longleaf Pine is an evergreen tree with needles approximately 10 inches long, grouped in bundles of three. Use American Snowbell as a specimen or patio tree. Laurel Oak is evergreen in zone 8b and semi-evergreen in zones 8a and 7b, where it holds its leaves the entire winter, then drops the oldest leaves at bud break. Common Witchhazel is a deciduous shrub or small tree with medium texture and a medium growth rate. 20 to 25 feet tall with a spread of 15 to 20 feet, 6b, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b (shorter-lived in 8a, 8b). 60 to 80 feet tall with a spread of 50 to 60 feet. Although extremely beautiful and valuable to wildlife, hickories develop a deep taproot and are difficult to transplant. It transplants easily and is moderately drought tolerant. It has a shallow root system that will heave concrete, so avoid using it as a street tree. Growth is more dense in the sun, and loose and open in the shade. Avoid planting it in drought-prone sites. It transplants easily. Use it as a specimen tree. This palm is often confused with Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens). It is not drought tolerant. Supports hummingbird spring migration. It needs acidic, sandy loam, well-drained soils and full sun for best development. Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south along the mountains to Alabama and Georgia. Planting sun-loving plants in shaded areas will result in spindly, weak growth, while planting shade-loving plants in full sun may cause leaf scorching or anemic-looking foliage. Leaves are lustrous, dark green above and light green below. Our native landscape is the inspiration for this guide to native plants for Georgia gardens. Arrowwood Viburnum is a deciduous flowering shrub with medium texture and medium growth rate. Few people can resist the dramatic and breathtaking beauty of native azaleas, the fragile white blooms of the Silverbell (Halesia spp.) Stems are smooth gray to grayish-brown. Flowers are an important nectar source for honey bees. Use Buttonbush as a specimen plant or in group plantings adjacent to ponds and streams, or in other moist areas. Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States: A Winter Guide. Post Oak is a medium-size tree with stout, spreading branches and a dense, rounded crown. 9 to 12 feet tall with a spread of 3 to 5 feet. Flower color ranges from clear yellow to yellowish-orange, orange, reddish-orange or red. Use Small Anise-Tree as a specimen plant and for screening or hedges. Flowers are white, bell-shaped, and held in drooping clusters. Plant it in moist, acid, high-organic soils, and full sun to partial shade. Pines, oaks, and hickories are some of the most prevalent plants in the region. 60 to 70 feet tall with a spread of 50 to 60 feet. Cove hardwoods (rich, moist, protected pockets), 2. The perennial plant is a native flower to the southeastern United States that grows in Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, South Carolina and Tennessee. Fringetree is a deciduous, flowering tree with medium texture and a slow growth rate. Appalachian oak forests cover most of the Province but other tree species like basswood, sugar maple, tulip poplar, beech, birch, and hemlock are also found with an understory may include rhododendrons, native azaleas, and mountain laurel. Ice storms can be a problem because the plant has weak wood that breaks easily. Leaves are palmate and three-lobed. Plant in moist, well-drained soils and partial shade. Black Titi, or Buckwheat Tree, is an evergreen, multi-stemmed, flowering shrub or small tree with medium-fine texture and a medium-slow growth rate. Grown primarily for the pink to rose-colored, pea-like blooms in March and April, Eastern Redbud is showy. 80 to 100 feet tall and 60 to 70 feet wide. Southern Highbush Blueberry is an upright, multi-stemmed shrub having a rounded, dense, compact form and a medium texture. Winged Sumac is a large, deciduous, flowering shrub with coarse texture and a fast growth rate. Foote, Leonard E., and Samuel B. Jones Jr. 1989. Naturalized species, such as daylilies, persist after cultivation. Wet woods, bogs, stream banks and springheads of the Coastal Plain and lower Piedmont. In the wild, old leaf-stems, called boots, remain on the trunk in a criss-cross pattern, but they are often removed from trees in cultivated landscapes to give the trunk a smooth appearance. It is best known for its brilliant yellow to orange to red fall color. can be used as a graphic organizer for binders or as a ticket out of the door. Large, funnel-shaped flower clusters are borne at the branch tips from April through August, depending on the species and habitat. Southern Pennsylvania, southern Indiana and eastern Iowa, south to Florida and west to eastern Texas. It develops a round, open crown, a buttressed trunk and a shallow root system. Delicate white- to rose-colored, cup-shaped blooms with purple markings on the petals appear in April. The mountain laurel plant only grows in the mountain habitat of Georgia. This makes it the perfect soil for certain plants and trees, but it can be a challenge for lawn growth. Use Eastern Redbud as a flowering or specimen tree. Mary Frances Irvin Creswell, 99, formerly of 401 Oakwood Drive, widow of Albert L. Creswell, passed away Thursday, March 2, 2023, at Hospice & Palliative Care of the Piedmont. Meadows (herbaceous pastures or prairies), 6. Variations in microclimates may extend the growing range north or south of the zone listed. It will adapt to hot, dry locations when irrigated. Turkey Oak's red fall color brightens the landscape of the sandhills. They are conspicuously veined on both surfaces. It looks best when planted in light shade and in soils with adequate moisture. The land is used for pasture. Mulch with pine straw, pine bark, hardwood mulch or other organic material. The leaves are pinnately compound. Lanceleaf Smilax will complement arbors, trellises and fences in full sun to partial shade. Cultivars are available. Its egg-shaped, cone-like fruit and red seeds are typical of Magnolias. Blue-gray berries on female plants were used by early settlers to make scented candles. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. U. S. Nat. It also is found on moist flood plains, edges of swamps, in abandoned fields and along fence rows. It establishes moderately well after planting. 15 to 20 feet tall and 15 to 30 feet wide; more spreading in shade. Eastern Hophornbeam is best planted as an understory tree in partial to full shade and moist soils. Within these species, five are evergreen across their range; at least two more are partially evergreen in the southern part of their range. It is found along shady ravines and stream banks in southwestern Georgia. Moist soils of valleys and lower slopes; also found in fence rows and old fields. It climbs by twining and tendrils or grows along the ground. It prefers moist soils with good organic content and full sun to light shade. Drooping Leucothoe is an evergreen flowering shrub with medium texture and a medium to slow growth rate. Fruit only occurs on female plants. Flood plains on moist soils of valleys and lower slopes. It prefers moist, acid, sandy soils and full sun to light shade. Use Fringetree as a flowering specimen tree. Winged Sumac is best used in mass plantings or roadside plantings. Saw Palmetto thrives in areas subject to disturbances, such as areas that have been clear cut, burned by fire or subjected to salt spray. East and central North America, east of the Rocky Mountains. Red maple, bald cypress, willow and buttonbush are common species found in wet areas, although they will also adapt to dry sites when planted in landscapes. The leaves are dark green above with pubescence beneath and have no noticeable color change in the fall. Many plants and animals can be found throughout different regions in Georgia due to similar conditions within those regions. Leaves are scale-like, closely pressed and overlapping. They bloom best if provided morning sun and afternoon shade. Black Gum, or Tupelo, is a deciduous tree having medium texture and a medium growth rate. New Brunswick to Florida, west to Southern Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Arizona. Moist, sunny locations along a creek or lake would be ideal planting sites. Yellow Buckeye is a large tree with an upright to slightly-spreading crown. Moist coves, hardwood forests and rocky bluffs. All have excellent wood for timber, and their nuts are coveted by wildlife. 6 to 8 feet tall with a spread of 6 to 8 feet. Georgia encompasses parts of five distinct physiographic provinces: the Appalachian Plateau, the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain. It is a ground cover plant rather than a climbing vine. The state of Georgia has five regions: the Mountains, the Piedmont, the Coastal Plain, the Wetlands, and the Coast. Southern Massachusetts to Florida, west to Iowa and Texas. Deer shun Red Basils aromatic foliage. Whitney What region are the Appalachian Mountains found in? Summer fruit are berry-like, purplish-blue and edible by humans and birds. The word piedmont means foothill and describes an area of land sloping from the foot ("pied") of a mountain ("mont") to an adjoining lowland. It looks particularly nice as a multi-stemmed form. The plant is stoloniferous and spreads via suckers arising from the roots. In early spring, fragrant yellow blooms are borne in dense clusters along the stems. Shows potential for naturalizing on harsh, dry sites. Fruit consist of cone-like aggregates of follicles from which bright red, shiny seeds are suspended by slender elastic threads. Leaves have three to six lobes and are shiny on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface and resemble miniature Red Oak leaves. Among the geographic regions of the state, numerous ecosystems or environments exist where unique plants and animals have adapted. The flowers are one inch across and borne in terminal clusters. Hummingbirds use Painted Buckeye heavily as they move north during spring migration. Only recently has the nursery industry developed pots that enable hickories to be grown from seed, which will make them more widely available in the future. This beautiful tree is becoming more available in the nursery trade.

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