Consult a medical practitioner for health problems. Fill your 15 mL amber glass bottle almost to the top with your choice of carrier oil. 11 Impressive Health Benefits of Maca Root lol but it could smell like a garbage can and I would still use it as it is great for the skin. Pomegranate arils are the seeds of the pomegranate fruit, but only the juicy, ruby red fresh surrounding the seed is edible. For more information view our, Spring 2023 Session II Registration Select Courses, Summer 2023 Registration Select Your Courses, Debunking Dangerous Myths About Essential Oils, Essential Oil Safety: Practicing Aromatherapy with Caution. May help improve blood glucose control. The lack of color in the refined oil is proof of how the refining process has taken away from the properties and beneficial action of the oil. Next, hunt for pomegranate seed oil or some other antioxidant seed oil, even like raspberry seed oil. 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20113347 Antioxidants, among their many other duties, provide environmental protection against stressors, UV damage, and pollution. Clears Acne Alexandra Engler is the beauty director at mindbodygreen and host of the beauty podcast Clean Beauty School. How To Tell If Pomegranate Seeds Are Bad (Yikes!!) The oil preparations meant to be taken internally should be clearly labeled to indicate this purpose. These 4 Foods May Fight Against COVID-19 Virus: Study How to get oil out of clothes? 4. The pineapple may be a little sweet, but you can always add the slightest bit of lemon juice to tone it down a little. (5) And while it is an edible vegetable oil, it is not usually marketed as a food supplement because it often requires a special formulation to make it edible. Do I like the scent No. While most foods/ supplements that promote digestive health contain high amounts of fiber, pomegranate seed oil does so by helping to nurture cultures of good bacteria, the probiotic bacteria in the gut. This all helps to reduce your chances of atherosclerosis, heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiac conditions. 4) Vitamins and minerals. [8], Increasing circulation in the body is an excellent way to prevent chronic disease, improve the efficiency of the immune system, and speed healing. Organic Facts may receive a portion of revenues if you click on the sponsored ads and links by Google, Ezoic, or the Amazon Affiliate program. Pomegranates have anti-viral, and anti-tumor properties, and contain vitamins and minerals including calcium, potassium, zinc, vitamin K, niacin, and folate as well as antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E. This amazing fruit contains three times as many antioxidants as either wine or green tea. Pomegranate seed oil is also virtually sugar free, which makes it suitable for regular use by diabetics. This will seal in and deeply nourish the hair and scalp. Pomegranate Seed Oil, Cold Pressed 4 oz - Amazon.ca Store in a well-filled, airtight container at a cool temperature (less than 40F), protected from light. stated that pomegranate and its products have anticarcinogenic effects against prostate cancer. Extracting the arils can actually be a pretty difficult process if not done right, and can result in pomegranate juice leaking from the arils. By exerting its effects on bacterial growth, pimples often are unable to form in the first instance, so outbreaks of pimples are less frequent. These UVB rays encourage wrinkle formation, but ellagic acid can help disrupt this process.1,2. 1. A rich moisturizer making it soothing and nourishing to the skin. "Ellagic acid is a polyphenol found in high concentration in pomegranates.". Always dilute this oil for best uses. These effects are accompanied by antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic actions that collectively improve cardiovascular health. And the vitamin C component in pomegranate seed oil? Its the oil obtained from pomegranate seeds. [2], There is a significant level of vitamin C in this oil, so if you do take it internally, it can provide a necessary boost to your bodys defenses. Pomegranate oil is rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, which are known to reduce levels of LDL cholesterol, improve HDL and also help reduce triglyceride levels to an extent. The resulting oil may be filtered to remove any impurities. Uses: Pomegranate (all natural) fragrance oil has been tested for the following applications: Candle Making, Soap, and Personal Care Applications such as Lotion, Shampoo, and Liquid Soap. by John Staughton (BASc, BFA) Men need just a small amount of estrogen for essential health, but typically way too much testosterone is converted into estrogen and adverse effects abound. Like many other fruits, people just tend to toss out the seeds, even though time and time again, the seeds typically possess a wealth of nutrients that the fruit pulp does not. If the smell of it is kinda rancidy, that's OK--I'll use it. It could be used as massage oil and used regularly. Store in a well-filled, airtight container in a cool temperature, protected from light. The entire list of reference links is also provided at the bottom of the article. I thought you might be on vacation. They probably didnt refer to the pomegranate as a superfood per se but they were well aware of its many health benefits. Yarrow|Pom is an expertly crafted proprietary blend of Yarrow essential oil and cold-pressed Pomegranate seed oil designed to be your go-to for a true inside-out approach to overall wellness. Mash the seeds with a fork until it reaches a paste consistency. First, you will have to discard the tough outer leaves of the lemongrass stalks by peeling them away with your fingers. Metacafe, They improve digestion & heart health, boost immunity, slow aging, and aid in weight loss. When the old cells are properly shed, it makes room for cell regeneration and the creation of new cells. "One of the most important health-related functions of the pomegranate is their effect on gut microbiota and their potential use as antimicrobial agents. Remember that your scalp is your skinand should be paid attention to as such. Add 4 cups of jojoba oil to a crockpot. In fact, the anti-inflammatory benefits of pomegranate may help prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Punicalagin, another polyphenolic compound in pomegranates, may also have anti-inflammatory activity that helps prevent memory impairment. 2. If these are your concerns, you may want to consider adding some pomegranate seed oil to your skin brightening routine. High-quality fresh pomegranates are always juicy, refreshing, and citrusy. You can use baking soda, chalk, or dishwashing liquid to loosen the stain before a wash. 2023 Organic Information Services Pvt Ltd. All the information on this website is for education purpose only. It is also used for conditions of the digestive tract, including diarrhea, dysentery, and tapeworm and other intestinal parasites. Many investigators have reported that pomegranate waste (peel and seeds) extracts, made from waste product of industrial processing, show free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant capacity. Free Shipping on U.S. orders over $39 + 60 Day Money Back Guarantee, Free Shipping on U.S. orders over $39 + 90 Day Money Back Guarantee. There are some potential side effects to using pomegranate seed oil, such as hypotension, stomach upset, skin inflammation and complications with pregnancy. I reeeeeally appreciate all your feedback. Gently rub on a few drops of pomegranate seed oil to soothe irritated skin. (Talk about being dedicated to natural.) if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-leader-1','ezslot_9',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-leader-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-leader-1','ezslot_10',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-leader-1-0_1'); .leader-1-multi-105{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}2) Oil profile. Pomegranate Seeds: Benefits, Nutrition, How to Open - Dr. Axe https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5582569_Chemical_Properties_and_Cytotoxicity_of_Thermally_Oxidized_Oil, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-03-07/features/sc-food-0302-rancidity-20120307_1_trans-fats-polyunsaturated-oils-food-chain. Cranberry can be juiced or eaten raw . This synergistic and first-of-its-kind blend naturally up-regulates the body's protective transcription factors while activating skin . 8 Incredible Benefits & Uses of Pomegranate Seed Oil The antibacterial and antioxidant effects of pomegranate seed oil can help eliminate the bacteria that causes acne and also rebalance oil levels on the skin. Yes, that richly hued wonder makes for a lavish face oil, too. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-box-4','ezslot_2',102,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-box-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'natureword_com-box-4','ezslot_3',102,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-box-4-0_1'); .box-4-multi-102{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:7px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:7px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}For the most part, cold pressed pomegranate seed oil benefits compared to refined pomegranate seed oil are derived from the fact that cold pressed pomegranate seed oil is produced as naturally as possible and under low temperatures, by simply squeezing out the oil from seeds. 13 Impressive Health Benefits of Ginger 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004287/ "Some people make DIY pomegranate seed masks out of crushed pomegranate seeds. "And it helps to support the skin barrier.". [7], Massaging small amounts of pomegranate seed oil into the scalp is an excellent way to moisturize and stimulate blood flow. Different noses will interpret the same smell in a different way. 4) Cholesterol-lowering properties thanks to content of phytosterols, with benefits for general cardiovascular health. So what exactly are these nutrients that give pomegranates such a good reputation? Registered: 1162050894. At this point, I wish it did! 3) Nourishes skin and scalp thanks to its fatty acids and vitamin E content. Pomegranates and Blood Sugar | Healthfully "According to research studies3, the antioxidant potential of pomegranate juice is more than that of red wine and green tea," says Davar. Want to know what others thought about Beverly Hills MD products? Oil pulling is a new technique that is growing in popularity thanks to its benefits on oral health, especially in reversing signs of dental decay and significantly reducing bacterial colonization in the mouth. peggissue. Discard any skin or pithy membrane. Wondering what makes pomegranates good for health? But once you've done this, and you'd like to give DIY a go, here's an easy recipe to follow: This potent skin care ingredient has many benefits to its namewhich accounts for why it's such a popular addition to creams, serums, and oils. Store at cool temperature in a well-filled, airtight container protected from the light. [9], According to a 2017 study published in the Molecules journal, punicic acid, the primary active ingredient in pomegranate seed oil, as well as conjugated linoleic acid has anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer. Do not eat or drink pomegranate seed oil meant for topical use because it may contain ingredients that are not destined for consumption. Check out our Beverly Hills MD BBB Reviews. The health benefits of pomegranate seed oilinclude benefits derived from topical use and benefits derived from ingestion. Store in opaque, well filled, airtight containers at 68F or below. A sweet and fruity pomegranate scent with a hint of tropical melon. Help tighten the appearance of, Check out @meganjestey enjoying our new Radiate +, Achieve an instantly luminous and hydrated-looking, Happy Valentine's Day! Pomegranate Seed Oil is an oil extract from Pomegranate Seed and its benefits includes treating acne, boosting immune function, helps optimize cholesterol level, help manage diabetes and helps enhance the skin. This oil smells just like an organic oil would. After 6 hours, turn crock pot off and let oil cool for 15 to 20 minutes. The seeds of a pomegranate, also known as arils, are what people eat in this fruitand the cold-pressing of these seedsis done to acquire the potent oil. If you want to consume less sugar, instead of drinking bottled pomegranate . Pomegranate seed oil, similar to the pomegranate fruit, is a phytoestrogen with SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator) properties, meaning that is provides the benefits associated with estrogen, but without the negatives it is known for. Everything You Need to Know About Pomegranates We've revised our Privacy Policy pursuant to GDPR.Please take a moment to review. Fibroblasts are responsible for the production of collagen and elastin the very things that keep the skin strong, elastic, and youthful-looking.5, Not only that the vitamin C in pomegranate seed oil helps reduce skin roughness.6. After allowing the fruit to rest, start to break open small sections and gently push out the seed clusters. Antioxidants work by neutralizing free radical damage in the skin, which in turn eases inflammation. Brandi Marcene is a regular contributor to Natural Food Series. Enter Your Email To See Our First Time Customer Deal. This can help to lower bad cholesterol levels in the body and increase HDL cholesterol, while also boosting circulation and reducing blood pressure. Why does flax seed oil smell "fishy", like seaweed? : r - reddit 3. Pomegranate: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose - RxList There are very few side effects associated with pomegranate seed oil, although it can cause topical skin inflammation and stomach upset, and possible complications with various medications or medical conditions. People use pomegranate for high blood pressure, athletic performance, heart disease, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.. The scent of pomegranate is subtle and distinct, slight green powdery tones underpin the sweet and sharp slightly wine like aroma of the seeds. The, Hey, #BHMDBeauties! Learn more about the best Nutrients for Healthy Hair. Learn about our favorite brand of natural pomegranate seed oil available on Amazon. We source information from studies, clinical trial findings, and meta-analyses published in peer-reviewed journals. Also, most pomegranate seed oil products available are destined for topical use only and some may also contain ingredients that are harmful if ingested or simply not meant for consumption. It is rich in antioxidants that help to clean skin and soothe acne. The flavor of pomegranate fruit: a review - PubMed Are pomegranate seeds supposed to taste like nail polish remover? The excess can be blotted out gently using a tissue. 2. What natural oil is best for wrinkles? - yourbestselves.com [4], One of the most common ailments that affect the body is inflammation, whether it is in the tissues, blood vessels, organs or joints. Pomegranate : Benefits, Precautions and Dosage | 1mg 5) Light estrogenic action which makes the it potentially good for hot flashes. "Moisturizing serums and facial oils can contain pomegranate seed oil and are easy to incorporate into your skin care routine," says King. It does have a scent and it is very earthy and nutty but Not Rotten. Here's how to incorporate pomegranate into your entire skin-healthy routine: We always believe that beauty starts from the inside. The supplements are particularly high in vitamin C, which has a host of skin-supporting benefits, which you can read about here. WELEDA Pomegranate Tortious day care, 30 ml. 28 November, 2018. They are good for about 12 hours if they're kept from sunlight. Consult your healthcare provider before using supplements. Reply with quote. Many features may not work properly without it. Prickly pear seed oil has similar effects to Botox Does pomegranate Read More What Do Pomegranate Smell Like? Wondering where to buy pomegranate seed oil? It won't irritate sensitive skin or cause breakouts in skin since it doesn't clog pores. The quality and properties of pomegranate seed oil are determined by factors such as variety, seeds maturation, quality, production method and processing: 1) Oil content in seeds. In any case, avoid taking the oil internally unless clearly specified on the label and before consulting with a doctor. This is a great oil as part of a blend for muscular aches and pains. What is a good oil to put on your face? Pour oil over cheesecloth to strain out pomegranate seeds, letting the oil settle in the jar. Sensitive skin? Use between 2% and 10% in your formulations. long been used for its therapeutic properties, improve the growth of skin cells and improve skin hydration and elasticity, photoprotective effect against some types of UV, deseed pomegranates without making a mess here, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31601842/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3673383/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4007340/, Deseed your pomegranate, putting all the seeds in a bowl. Got the clothes reference! Pomegranate seed oil possesses both anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to clear up symptoms of acne, such as pimples and associated redness. Relatively unstable. A half-cup serving (about 87 grams) of pomegranate provides approximately the following nutrients: 72.2 calories 16.3 grams carbohydrates 1.5 grams protein 1 gram fat Tag a good friend, Pamper yourself with one of these 5 formulas in yo, Reclaim your skin's youthful radiance with Dermal, Got questions about our #BHMD formulas? Pomegranate Seed Oil For Hair: Benefits, How To Use, & More The perceived flavor of pomegranate fruit results from the combination of various taste, aroma and mouthfeel sensations. Pomegranate seed oil benefits for skin, hair and scalp. It contains punicic acid, an omega 5 fatty acid that hydrates and prevents moisture loss. Typically, when used responsibly, there is very little risk of using this oil. (Read all about how to. Consumption of pomegranate seed oil helps to relieve inflammation and associated pain, and can also be applied topically to the affected joint for local pain relief. 2 Aroma is faint in both cold pressed and refined varieties, mainly a light, oily smell. Blending Essential Oils - How To Group & Mix Your Oils Boosts Immune Function 2) Antibacterial and antiparasitic activity with potential uses for skin care and treatment of (likely non-infectious) diarrhea. ellagic acid can help disrupt this process. Punicic acid: found predominantly in pomegranate seed oil, this fatty acid is rich in anti-inflammatory benefits. Facial oil for gua sha. 67,68 A combination of pomegranate fruit extract and diallyl sulfide synergistically inhibited mouse skin tumor growth which was accompanied by a regression of tumor volume . Pomegranate seed oil may help. Measure the rosehip juice into a large saucepan. Pomegranate Extract - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics How to Tell When a Pomegranate Goes Bad | LEAFtv Pomegranate seed oil has anti-inflammatory effects which may help treat inflammatory joint conditions like arthritis. 1. It is usually used for skin care, scalp care and hair nutrition or added to cosmetic products for its emollient, anti-aging, healing and rejuvenating properties. Pomegranate seed oil is classified as a base oil, carrier oil or vegetable oil and is similar to other vegetable oils such as olive oil or sunflower seed oil. Depending on the variety, maturation of seeds and climate conditions, pomegranate seeds may yield as little as 4.4% oil or as much as 18% oil. Ancient Egyptians regarded the pomegranate as symbol of prosperity and fertility. The resulting oil may undergo various processing stages that are usually meant to make the fatty acids more stable to heat exposure and less likely to be affected by rancidity. In her current role, she covers all the latest trends in the clean and natural beauty space, as well as lifestyle topics, such as travel. The addition of pomegranate extract certainly helps with all three. Our online classes and training programs allow you to learn from experts from anywhere in the world. 1 year when stored in a cool place, tightly closed, away from direct light. Apple seed oil Facts and Health Benefits It is also known to decrease the weight of adipose tissues or fat cells and . Pomegranate oil has its own smell, which is not that great. I wish I knew what it should smell like since I don't want to put rancid oil on my poor face. Photo Credit: Shutterstock, Research has shown that pomegranate seed oil can have a notable effect on insulin resistance, which is very good news for someone who is livingwith diabetes or at high risk of developing the condition. 3. If you need help narrowing down your selects, here are our clean, organic, and natural favorites. 7 Pomegranate seeds, or arils, are a very good source of fiber and rich in potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium. 7) Emollient action, makes skin feel soft and smooth. Dailymotion, If not for Coronavirus, drinking pomegranate juice regularly is a good habit to achieve overall sound health. Shelf life of Pomegranates and Pomegranate Seeds Pomegranate seeds kept out in the open in direct sunlight can spoil in hours. She lives in Brooklyn, New York. Dates are sweet fruitsof the date palm tree. It's widely used as an ingredient in skin care products, and appears to be beneficial for oily, acne-prone, dry, and. Inside the fruit are layers of spongy, bitter tissue, packed with small seeds. It is believed that pomegranate seed oil disrupts energy production in the mitochondria of these cancerous cells, killing them in the process. Top Pomegranate Health Benefits & Uses | Food Revolution Network You can easily find pomegranate seed oil for skin care online. Pomegranate seed oil protects and extends the lifespan of fibroblasts. Here are 4 grea. Topical use can trigger an allergic reaction that may culminate with anaphylactic shock which is a medical emergency. Essentially it's a hydrating ingredient that benefits all skin types! Marula oil is high in antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and amino acids. As a wash and go. This means including pomegranate regularly may be effective at reducing the risk of . Evidence Based. Lucky for you, pomegranate seed oil is a very common addition to skin care products as it is. What Do Pomegranate Smell Like? - Stellina Marfa The refined oil is light yellow or almost colorless. In both cases the culprit is the chemical breakdown of a group of compounds called omega-3 fatty acids. What does Read More What Does Pomegranate Smell Like? Another review article published in the, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Controlling cholesterol levels is important to reduce your risk of cardiovascular diseases, as well as keeping blood vessel walls clean from plaque deposits. The oil is not only on the expensive side, but can also cause allergic reactions, so culinary use isnot common. ok let me try againit smells like..when you wash your clothes and forget your wet clothesin the washer a couple of days before placing them in the dryer, the clothes start smelling sort of rancid so you have to wash them again. "Lightweight, non-comedogenic oils including marula, hemp seed, safflower, sunflower, grapeseed, argan, sweet almond, tea tree and jojoba may be good options for those with oily or acne-prone skin," she explains. 2009 - 2023 MindBodyGreen LLC. Where to Buy the Best Pomegranate Seed Oil [1]. However, it is also effective for protecting the immune activity on the skin, preventing many of the airborne pathogens from taking hold on the bodys largest organ. It also helps to protect hair from excessive damage, and help hair regain its youthful self. Cochran Gathers agrees: "There have also been some studies that suggest that components of pomegranate seed oil may have a photoprotective effect against some types of UV1 light skin damage. Other benefits includes promoting weight loss, preventing cancer, relieving symptoms of arthritis, reducing severity of menopause symptoms, improving cognitive function, treating hair loss, promoting digestive health, lowering blood pressure, improving dental health and improving fertility in men and women. Pomegranate seed extract is sometime included in male enhancement products for its ability to improve blood flow and stimulate erections, and shows the same ability in reducing blood pressure. I guess, by your description, it smells exactly the way it's supposed to? Pomegranate seed oil is rich in polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin C and unsaturated fatty acids ,which are strong antioxidants, immunity boosters and are known to fight inflammation. , Help renew your skin, hair, AND nails from the ins, Stock up on your favorite #BHMD products with this, Skin feeling saggy? Bananas 101: Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits Large images may take a few minutes to appear. Keep in mind that this type of mask could lead to irritation for some people, and a small segment of people may be sensitive to pomegranate seeds," says Cochran Gathers. Wash out the muslin, or cut a fresh piece, fold to double it and pass the strained juice through it again. However, it also stated that future research is required to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of these products against cancer. So, dont just drink pomegranate juice or snack on the seeds! Easily create a Forum Website with Website Toolbox. Talk to your doctor first before introducing any new supplements in your diet. It's been hailed as a super fruit and beloved in skin care for its potent fatty acid, polyphenol, and other antioxidant propertieswhich can account for its many benefits. By exerting its effects on bacterial growth, pimples often are unable to form in the first instance, so outbreaks of pimples are less frequent. Fatty Acid Content: Palmitic Acid C16:0 - 2.6% Palmitoleic Acid C16:1 w7 - 0.03% Stearic Acid C18:0 - 2.0% Oleic Acid C18:1 w9 - 5.0% Vaccenic Acid C18:1 w7 - 0.33% Linoleic Acid C18:2 w6 - 5.4% Most pomegranate seed oil preparations available are for external use only, so make sure to read the label.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'natureword_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',122,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-natureword_com-medrectangle-3-0'); According to production method, there are two types: 1) Cold pressed pomegranate seed oil. Cold pressed pomegranate seed oil retains more color and more flavor than the refined oil, although there isnt too much of either to begin with since its a base oil or vegetable oil. Deeply cleanse pores and balance oil production. Carrot Seed Essential Oil - The essential oil is steam distilled from the seeds of the carrot plant. These include Listeria monocytogenes, which causes listeriosis infections, and. Since pomegranate oil penetrates deeply into the skin, it is effective for treating dry skin. You can return it to us if you don't like it. Is pomegranate a sweet smell? This oil is extremely concentrated, so only a very small amount is required for the effects to be felt. The high amount of punicic acid and PNG in pomegranate seed oil provides many beneficial biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, anticancer and so on (14, 15). This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Bearing the scientific name Punica granatum,pomegranate seedsand fruit are widely considered some of the healthiest fruit-based substances, due to their high concentrations of nutrients and antioxidants. On a perpetual journey towards the idea of home, he uses words to educate, inspire, uplift and evolve. Apply twice daily to affected areas for best results. The seed oil is particularly well known as a skin rejuvenator.