Historians have rightly come to understand such sovereignty challenges as important components of U.S. history rather than as foreign episodes that lie outside the purview of the United States. Has the organization manage. 10. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. 39. The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. Its not only the Philippines. It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. 5 (2011): 134891. Adding Texas and Vermont to the pool yields an average time-to-statehood of 42 years. Micronesia, United Nations Trust Territory; 1979 self-governing; 1986 41. The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Title from title sheet. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. It has to do also with something deeper: our conception of the United States. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. 6 Although this is strange to contemplate, we are now as chronologically distant from that book as that book was from the Philippine-American War. It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France 15. Diplomatic History used to be like that. Now lets look at Entrepreneurial Leadership In cases where the territory of a future state was not all annexed at once, I count from the time year by which the majority of its land was annexed. Sectionalism map of the united states; Includes Sandwich Islands inset, world map inset, statistical tables, notes, and ill. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. WhatsApp Chat is free, download and try it now here! chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? Perhaps not coincidentally, this was precisely the time when the Wisconsin School developed its understanding of U.S. empire as an informal undertaking. Bicknell, Edward. Oregon Territory. Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. It may be done because the neighboring urban areas seek municipal services or because a city seeks control over its suburbs or neighboring unincorporated areas. Albizus long career defies easy summary. Following the United States' annexation of the Philippines, _____ led a revolt against the U.S. that resulted in more U.S. casualties than the number who . Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). conduct an article review of this chapter, using the format below: The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. 203. 45. Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. 21. organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of But California was the extreme. Consider that, in 1940, African Americans made up less than nine percent of the population. Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. Why were so many new possessions located in the Pacific Ocean? But moving it into the non-state column changes little. Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. But what isnt important to the argument is the formal empire. Oregon Territory. 12. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. 8. The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. But it is still a significant figure. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. Caveat: 1945, occurring between decennial census enumerations in the U.S. mainland and at the end of a destabilizing war everywhere else, was not the best year for accurate population counts. 24. On points in the postWorld War II landscape, I have been greatly influenced by William Rankin, After the Map: Cartography, Navigation, and the Transformation of Territory in the Twentieth Century (Chicago, IL, 2016). Also available in digital form. 32 And it included the internment of Alaska Natives from the Aleutian Islands by the U.S. government. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. Both Hillary Clinton and Rudy Giuliani marched in that parade. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. Mexican Cession. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. One might rightly ask whether, in accepting the category of the Greater United States, historians would be implicitly endorsing or naturalizing the United States empire. That is the same number that the American Historical Review has published. I have an assignment, and please dont copy any words and no plagiarism please. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. Treaty of Paris 5. . Not only have we learned to tell the history of these places, but weve gone back and realized the importance of other small spaces: including Vieques, Baguio, Kwajalein, and the Bikini atoll. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a It is generally held to be an illegal act. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. They shot five Congressmen, nearly killing one. of the Interior, Annexed 1922; later airline refueling; currently uninhabited; 5 0 obj Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. United States--Territorial expansion. Dorr v. United States , 195 U.S. 138, 155 (1904) (Harlan, J. M., dissenting). Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . 2007-228. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. 35. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 A key enabling move made by Williams and the Wisconsin School that continued his ideas was to refuse to limit discussion of empire to a discussion of colonies. 33. Copyright: H.C. Robertson. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. If California was one end of the spectrum, Oklahoma was the other. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. 32. Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. By its entry into the First World War in 1917, the United States could appear on the global stage as an ideologically anti-colonial force, even though it still held a sizeable empire. 9. By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. We razed sugar mills and factories. In the end, he concluded, there was nothing left. 35, Although the count of U.S. mainland lives lost in the Second World War is precise to the last digit, counts of the lives of colonized subjects lost are at best informed guesses. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. Imperial maps are discussed in Susan Schulten, The Geographical Imagination in America, 18801950 (Chicago, IL, 2001), 3844, 17680. stream Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904 Other Gains in the Pacific The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American War. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. 15. (William B.) To speak only of formal acquisitions, . This is a United States territorial acquisitions and conquests list, . The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a Can we say the same about the overseas territories? Dean Kohlhoff, When the Wind Was a River: Aleut Evacuation in World War II (Seattle, WA, 1995) and Jennifer Sepez, Christina Package, Patricia E. Malcolm, and Amanda Poole, Unalaska, Alaska: Memory and Denial in the Globalization of the Aleutian Landscape, Polar Geography 30 (2007): 193209. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. Gadsden Purchase. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. The many islands claimed by the United States but not listed in the census (all uninhabited) are not included. In its first twenty-five years it published only a single article on the Philippines, during which time it published three on Guatemala (one-eighth the size) and seven on France. 47. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States: For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.Native American treaties. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. 13. W.B. We have been so long used to regard the United States as an extent of country reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and bounded on the north by the British possessions and on the south by the Mexican Republic, remarked the Attorney General, that it requires almost a wrench to take us out of our old habits of thought and accustom us to the fact that our domain on the north reaches to within the Arctic Circle; that we have the Sandwich Islands [Hawaii]; that we have the vast Philippine Archipelago. 14, Cartographers, eager to showcase the new dimensions of the country, rushed to publish new maps. Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? Boston, Small, Maynard & company. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. A helpful account of the Wisconsin School is Morgans Into New Territory . J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. silhouette was completed in 1853, with the Gadsden Purchase. o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. ;?={9+;5[?|XI'UX7ZJA'%N7:B5nbuYq"Q13JLhd But we speak less of another anticolonial revolt that broke out in another part of the world. In the Philippines, the United States abandoned its initial strategy of engaging Japanese forces on the ground for one of bombing and shelling suspected Japanese targets from afar. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. To this day, the drawer in the mahogany table used by the Republican leadership to address the House has a jagged hole in it. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). Even as presidents disavowed territorial conquest, they dropped bombs, seized markets, meddled in foreign politics, and Coca-colonized the world. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as 34. 30. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence 29. 3 (1933): 44874. Wall maps. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. All instructions are in the template file. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. Vendor: Bernard J. Shapero Books (London) Acquisitions control no. On the same day that the Japanese struck Hawaii, they also attacked the Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, Midway Island, and Howland Island, plus the British territories of Malaya and Hong Kong and the independent kingdom of Thailand. Headings - United States--History - United States--Foreign relations - United States--Colonial question - United States--Territorial expansion Notes Not yet. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. In a series of cases from 1901 to 1922, known as the Insular Cases , the Supreme Court considered whether the territories were part of the United States as referred to in the Constitution, i.e., it asked whether the Constitution applied to them. Acquisition may refer to: . jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. 286,541. Those examples are merely suggestive. That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. [from old catalog] Created / Published Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. The comparison is enlightening. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations.

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